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Showing posts from January, 2022

CLINICAL REFRACTION

1-  HISTORY 2-  VISUAL ACUITY (with and without glasses and with pinhole) 3-  External examination in diffuse light 4-  Distant direct ophthalmoscopy 5-  Pupil reaction /RAPD 6-  Extra ocular eye movements 7-  Visual field by confrontation method 8-  Cover/uncover tests 9-  Retinoscopy 10-  Subjective refraction 11-  Cross cylinder examination 12-  Duochrome test 13-  Muscle balance for far(Maddox rod test) 14-  Near point of accommodation /and convergence 15-  Muscle balance for near after adding for near 16-  Measurement of IPD 17-  Measurement of BVD 18-  Prescribing the glasses and making the patient to walk around 19-  Fundoscopy 20-  Check and recheck

VISUAL FIELD BY CONFRONTATION METHOD

1-  Introduce yourself                                                                             2-  Take verbal consent                                                                            3-  Explain procedure to the patient appropriately (follow the target, not to move head, fixate examiner nose for target etc.)                                                                              ...

VISUAL ACUITY

  1-  INTRODUCE YOURSELF 2-  TAKE VERBAL CONSENT 3-  ASSESSES THE MENTAL CALIBER OF PATIENT TO DECIDE ABOUT SNELLENS CHART PLATE 4-  EXPLAIN THE PROCEDURE 5-  CHECKS VISUAL ACUITY ONE BY ONE 6-  DOCUMENT THE RECORDED VISUAL ACUITY 7-  THANKS

PUPIL REACTION

  1-  Introduce yourself                                                                            2-  Take verbal consent                                                                             3-  Explain the procedure to the patient appropriately       4-  Give proper fixation target                                                             5-  Ask for ambient light in room      ...

EXTRAOCULAR EYE MOVEMENTS

1-  Introduce yourself                                                      2-  Take verbal consent                                                    3-  Explain the procedure to the patient appropriately(not to move head, notify you when the  subject feel pain during movement and double vision)                                                           4- Check   g ross visual acuity                                                ...

LEVATOR FUNCTION TEST

1-  Introduction                                                                             2-  Consent                                                                                     3-  Explain the procedure                                                            4-  Ask the patient to look down as far as possible               5-  Put edge of the ruler on lower m...

DISTANT DIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY

1.   INTRODUCES YOURSELF 2. TAKE CONSENT FROM THE PATIENT 3. EXAMINATION SHOULD BE DONE IN SEMI DARK ROOM AND PUPILS SHOULD BE DILATED 4. EXPLAIN THE PROCEDURE 5. COMMAND TO THE PATIENT TO LOOK STRAIGHT TOWARDS YOU. 6. TO EXAMINE THE RIGHT EYE OF THE PATIENT , YOU SHOULD BE IN THE RIGHT SIDE, USE YOUR RIGHT HAND TO HOLD AND RIGHT EYE TO SEE THROUGH THE OPHTHALMOSCOPE. VICE VERSA FOR LEFT EYE. 7. PERFORM THE TEST BY CHECKING RED REFLEX AT THE PUPILLLARY PLANE BY LOOKING THROUGH THE EYEPIECE OF OPHTHALMOSCOPE. 8. KEEP THE INSTRUMENT AT ACCURATE DISTANCE OF 20-25 CM 9. CHECK BOTH EYES SEPARATELY 10. THANKS TO PATIENT

DIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY

  1-  Introduce yourself                                                                 2-  Take verbal consent                                                               3-  Explain to the patient appropriately                                                4-  Ask for ambient room light                                                   5-  Use an appropriate distant fixation target ...

DIGITAL TONOMETRY

  1-  Introduce yourself 2-  Take verbal consent 3-  Explain the procedure appropriately to the patient. 4-  Ask the patient to look downwards 5-  Use of both index fingers for palpation 6-  Put both middle fingers on forehead for proper support 7-  Press gently with one finger and palpate with other index finger 8-  Pay thanks to the patient  

BELL’S PHENOMENON

1-  Introduce yourself                                                                            2-  Take verbal consent                                                                        3-  Explain the procedure to the patient appropriately                     4-  Instruction to patient (tight closure of eyelids during attempted opening by the examiner)    ...

COVER TESTS

  1-  Introduce yourself 2-  Take verbal consent 3-  Explain the procedure to the patient appropriately 4-  Check gross VA for proper distant and near target 5-  Check gross ocular movement in right and left gaze 6-  Perform entire procedure for distant and near and with and without glasses 7-  Perform Hirschburg test a)  Shine light, light should fall on glabella b)  Ask the patient to look into the light c)  Note the corneal reflection d)  Comment on this test, whether straight or deviated 8-  Cover test a)  Show definite target b)  Note which eye is deviated c)  Cover the straight eye d)  Note other eye to take the fixation e)  REPEAT ABOVE TEST TO CONFIRM THE SQUINT     9)  Alternate cover test by alternately covering each eye one by one quickly to check alternate squint.     10) Thanks to patient  

Terminologies used for ocular Trauma

    The terminology used to study ocular trauma is called Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System or BETTS.

Basic Techniques of Ophthalmic Surgery- AAO

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